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Update back-end code to new 100-120 column coding style.

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inference 2022-12-09 09:38:02 +00:00
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<!-- Copyright 2022 Inference -->
<!-- License: BSD 3-Clause Clear (with personal content exception) -->
<!-- 0.3.1.6 -->
<!-- 0.3.2.7 -->
<html>
@ -33,25 +33,23 @@
<!-- About me. -->
<h3>About Me</h3>
<p>I am Inference, a cybersecurity researcher based in United Kingdom.<br>
I am the founder, lead developer, and administrator, of Inferencium, a
security-focused, privacy-focused, brand of software.<br>
All opinions are my own, and are not necessarily shared with projects or
people I am affiliated with.<br>
I am the founder, lead developer, and administrator, of Inferencium, a security-focused,
privacy-focused, brand of software.<br>
All opinions are my own, and are not necessarily shared with projects or people I am
affiliated with.<br>
<br>
<p>I write about my research and experience in cybersecurity and also physical
security. Most of my postings are security-related, but I occasionally post
about other aspects of my life.</p>
<p>I write about my research and experience in cybersecurity and also physical security.
Most of my postings are security-related, but I occasionally post about other aspects of my
life.</p>
<br>
<p>I am an open source advocate for the preservation and modifiability of
source code. I believe source code should be considered human knowledge as
much as past knowledge and teachings were; it is how modern humanity
survives and runs.<br>
Source code being modifiable allows it to be adapted
for use by anyone, whether to add features, harden it for increased security
and/or privacy, or provide accessibility for disabled users.<br>
I am also a modular design advocate for the ability to securely and
robustly make changes to hardware and software without the entire system
being affected.</p>
<p>I am an open source advocate for the preservation and modifiability of source code. I
believe source code should be considered human knowledge as much as past knowledge and
teachings were; it is how modern humanity survives and runs.<br>
Source code being modifiable allows it to be adapted for use by anyone, whether to add
features, harden it for increased security and/or privacy, or provide accessibility for
disabled users.<br>
I am also a modular design advocate for the ability to securely and robustly make changes to
hardware and software without the entire system being affected.</p>
<br>
<p>If you want to contact me for any reason, you can use my
<a class="body-link" href="https://inferencium.net/contact.html"
@ -73,70 +71,85 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Smartphone</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/google-pixel_6.png" width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/google-pixel_6.png"
width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<br>
Google Pixel 6</td>
<td>Google Pixel devices are the best Android devices available on
the market for
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2021/10/pixel-6-setting-new-standard-for-mobile.html"
<td>Google Pixel devices are the best Android devices available on the market for
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2021/10/
pixel-6-setting-new-standard-for-mobile.html"
>security and privacy</a>.<br>
<br>
They allow locking the bootloader with a
<a class="table-link" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/avb/+/master/README.md#pixel-2-and-later"
>custom Android Verified Boot (AVB) key</a> in order to preserve security and privacy features when installing a custom
operating system, such as
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/verifiedboot/"
>verified boot</a> which verifies that the OS has not been corrupted or tampered with, and
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/verifiedboot/verified-boot#rollback-protection"
>rollback protection</a> which prevents an adversary from rolling back the OS or firmware version to a
previous version with known security vulnerabilities.<br>
<a class="table-link" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/avb/+/
master/README.md#pixel-2-and-later"
>custom Android Verified Boot (AVB) key</a> in order to preserve security and privacy
features when installing a custom operating system, such as
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/
verifiedboot/"
>verified boot</a> which verifies that the OS has not been corrupted or tampered with,
and
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/
verifiedboot/verified-boot#rollback-protection"
>rollback protection</a> which prevents an adversary from rolling back the OS or
firmware version to a previous version with known security vulnerabilities.<br>
<br>
They also include a
<a class="table-link" href="https://developer.android.com/training/articles/keystore#HardwareSecurityModule"
<a class="table-link" href="https://developer.android.com/training/articles/
keystore#HardwareSecurityModule"
>hardware security module</a> (Titan M2, improving on the previous generation
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2018/10/building-titan-better-security-through.html"
>Titan M</a>) which is extremely resistant to both remote and physical attacks due to being
completely isolated from the rest of the system, including the operating system.
Titan M2 ensures that the device cannot be remotely compromised by requiring the
side buttons of the device to be physically pressed for some sensitive operations.
Titan M2 also takes the role of
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware#strongbox-keymaster"
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2018/10/
building-titan-better-security-through.html"
>Titan M</a>) which is extremely resistant to both remote and physical attacks due to
being completely isolated from the rest of the system, including the operating system.
Titan M2 ensures that the device cannot be remotely compromised by requiring the side
buttons of the device to be physically pressed for some sensitive operations. Titan M2
also takes the role of
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/
hardware#strongbox-keymaster"
>Android StrongBox Keymaster</a>,
a <a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/keystore"
>hardware-backed Keystore</a> containing sensitive user keys which are unavailable to
the OS or apps running on it without authorisation from Titan M2 itself.
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/05/insider-attack-resistance.html"
>Insider attack resistance</a> ensures that Titan M2 firmware can be flashed only if the user PIN/password
is already known, making it impossible to backdoor the device without already knowing
these secrets.<br>
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/05/
insider-attack-resistance.html"
>Insider attack resistance</a> ensures that Titan M2 firmware can be flashed only if the
user PIN/password is already known, making it impossible to backdoor the device without
already knowing these secrets.<br>
<br>
Google Pixel device kernels are compiled with
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/10/control-flow-integrity-in-android-kernel.html"
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/10/
control-flow-integrity-in-android-kernel.html"
>forward-edge control-flow integrity</a> and
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/10/protecting-against-code-reuse-in-linux_30.html"
>backward-edge control-flow integrity</a> to prevent code reuse attacks against
the kernel. MAC address randomisation is
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/04/changes-to-device-identifiers-in.html"
>implemented well, along with minimal probe requests and randomised initial sequence numbers</a>.<br>
<a class="table-link" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/10/
protecting-against-code-reuse-in-linux_30.html"
>backward-edge control-flow integrity</a> to prevent code reuse attacks against the
kernel. MAC address randomisation is
<a class="table-link" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/04/
changes-to-device-identifiers-in.html"
>implemented well, along with minimal probe requests and randomised initial sequence
numbers</a>.<br>
<br>
Google releases
<a class="table-link" href="https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/pixel/"
>guaranteed monthly security updates</a>, ensuring Google Pixel devices are
up-to-date and quickly protected against security vulnerabilities.<br>
>guaranteed monthly security updates</a>, ensuring Google Pixel devices are up-to-date
and quickly protected against security vulnerabilities.<br>
<br>
Pixel 6-series devices are a large improvement over the already very secure and private
previous generation Pixel devices. They replace ARM-based Titan M with RISC-V-based Titan M2,
reducing trust by removing ARM from the equation. Titan M2 is more resiliant to attacks than
Titan M, and is
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.tuv-nederland.nl/assets/files/cerfiticaten/2022/09/nscib-cc-22-0228971-cert-final.pdf"
previous generation Pixel devices. They replace ARM-based Titan M with RISC-V-based
Titan M2, reducing trust by removing ARM from the equation. Titan M2 is more resiliant
to attacks than Titan M, and is
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.tuv-nederland.nl/assets/files/cerfiticaten/2022/
09/nscib-cc-22-0228971-cert-final.pdf"
>AVA_VAN.5 certified</a>, the highest level of vulnerability assessment. Google's
in-house Tensor SoC includes Tensor Security Core, further improving device security.<br>
<br>
Pixel 6-series devices are supported for a
<a class="table-link" href="https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705#zippy=%2Cpixel-and-later"
>minimum of 5 years from launch</a>, an increase from
previous generations'
<a class="table-link" href="https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705#zippy=%2Cpixel-xl-a-a-g-and-a-g"
<a class="table-link" href="https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/
4457705#zippy=%2Cpixel-and-later"
>minimum of 5 years from launch</a>, an increase from previous generations'
<a class="table-link" href="https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/
4457705#zippy=%2Cpixel-xl-a-a-g-and-a-g"
>support lifecycles of 3 years</a>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
@ -156,16 +169,17 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Operating system</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-gentoo_linux.png" width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-gentoo_linux.png"
width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<br>
Gentoo Linux</td>
<td><a class="table-link" href="https://www.gentoo.org/"
>Gentoo Linux</a> is a highly modular, source-based Linux-based operating system
which allows vast customisation to tailor the operating system to suit your specific
needs. There are many advantages to such an operating system, with the most notable
being the ability to optimise the software for security, privacy, performance,
or power usage; however, there are effectively unlimited other use cases, or a
combination of multiple use cases.<br>
>Gentoo Linux</a> is a highly modular, source-based Linux-based operating system which
allows vast customisation to tailor the operating system to suit your specific needs.
There are many advantages to such an operating system, with the most notable being the
ability to optimise the software for security, privacy, performance, or power usage;
however, there are effectively unlimited other use cases, or a combination of multiple
use cases.<br>
<br>
I have focused on security hardening and privacy hardening, placing performance below
those aspects, although my system is still very performant. Some of the hardening I
@ -177,7 +191,7 @@
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc/"
>hardened_malloc</a> memory allocator.<br>
<br>
You can find my personal Gentoo Linux configuration in my personal
You can find my personal Gentoo Linux configurations in my personal
<a class="table-link" href="https://git.inferencium.net/inference/cfg/"
>configuration respository</a>.</td>
<td class="table-main">Open source<br>
@ -186,23 +200,26 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Web browser</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-chromium.png" width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-chromium.png"
width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<br>
Chromium</td>
<td><a class="table-link" href="https://chromium.org/"
>Chromium</a> is a highly secure web browser which is often ahead of other
web browsers in security aspects. It has a dedicated security team and a
very impressive
>Chromium</a> is a highly secure web browser which is often ahead of other web browsers
in security aspects. It has a dedicated security team and a very impressive
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/brag-sheet/"
>security brag sheet</a>.
Chromium's security features include a strong
<a class="table-link" href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/LinuxSandboxing"
>multi-layer sandbox</a>,
strong <a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/site-isolation"
strong <a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/
site-isolation"
>site isolation</a>,
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/binding-integrity"
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/
binding-integrity"
>Binding Integrity</a> memory hardening, and
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/testing/control-flow-integrity/"
<a class="table-link" href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/testing/
control-flow-integrity/"
>control-flow integrity (CFI)</a>.</td>
<td class="table-main">Open source<br>
<br>
@ -221,17 +238,17 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Operating system</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-grapheneos.png" width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-grapheneos.png"
width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<br>
GrapheneOS</td>
<td><a class="table-link" href="https://grapheneos.org/"
>GrapheneOS</a> is a security-hardened, privacy-hardened, secure-by-default
Android-based operating system which implements extensive, systemic security
and privacy hardening to the Android Open Source Project used as its base
codebase. Its hardening includes closing gaps for apps to access sensitive
system information, a secure app spawning feature which avoids sharing address
space layout and other secrets AOSP's default Zygote app spawning model would
share,
Android-based operating system which implements extensive, systemic security and privacy
hardening to the Android Open Source Project used as its base codebase. Its hardening
includes closing gaps for apps to access sensitive system information, a secure app
spawning feature which avoids sharing address space layout and other secrets AOSP's
default Zygote app spawning model would share,
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/kernel_gs-gs101/"
>hardened kernel</a>, hardened memory allocator
(<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc/"
@ -245,9 +262,9 @@
<br>
GrapheneOS only supports
<a class="table-link" href="https://grapheneos.org/faq#device-support"
>high security and well-supported devices</a> which receive
full support from their manufacturers, including firmware updates, long support
lifecycles, secure hardware, and overall high security practices.<br>
>high security and well-supported devices</a> which receive full support from their
manufacturers, including firmware updates, long support lifecycles, secure hardware, and
overall high security practices.<br>
<br>
For an extensive list of features GrapheneOS provides, visit its
<a class="table-link" href="https://grapheneos.org/features/"
@ -258,18 +275,22 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Web browser</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-vanadium.png" width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-vanadium.png"
width="100px" height="100px"/><br>
<br>
Vanadium</td>
<td>Vanadium is a security-hardened, privacy-hardened Chromium-based web browser
which utilises GrapheneOS' operating system hardening to implement stronger
defenses to the already very secure Chromium web browser. Its hardening alongside
Chromium's base security features includes
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/0081-Implement-UI-for-JIT-site-settings.patch"
<td>Vanadium is a security-hardened, privacy-hardened Chromium-based web browser which
utilises GrapheneOS' operating system hardening to implement stronger defenses to the
already very secure Chromium web browser. Its hardening alongside Chromium's base
security features includes
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/
0081-Implement-UI-for-JIT-site-settings.patch"
>disabling JavaScript just-in-time (JIT) compilation by default</a>,
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/0051-stub-out-the-battery-status-API.patch"
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/
0051-stub-out-the-battery-status-API.patch"
>stubbing out the battery status API to prevent abuse of it</a>, and
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/0084-Toggle-for-navigating-external-URL-in-incognito.patch"
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Vanadium/blob/13/patches/
0084-Toggle-for-navigating-external-URL-in-incognito.patch"
>always-on Incognito mode as an option</a>.<br>
<br>
Vanadium's source code, including its Chromium patchset, can be found in its
@ -281,7 +302,8 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Messenger</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-molly.png" width="100px" height="100px"><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-molly.png"
width="100px" height="100px"><br>
<br>
Molly</td>
<td><a class="table-link" href="https://molly.im/"
@ -290,14 +312,18 @@
>Signal</a> client which hardens Signal by using a variety of
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android#features"
>unique features</a>, allowing
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android/wiki/Data-Encryption-At-Rest"
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android/wiki/
Data-Encryption-At-Rest"
>locking the database when not in use</a>, and
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android/blob/a81ff7d120adc9d427be17239107343146bad704/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/crypto/MasterSecretUtil.java#L91"
>utilising Android StrongBox</a> to protect user keys using the device's
hardware security module.<br>
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android/blob/
a81ff7d120adc9d427be17239107343146bad704/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/
crypto/MasterSecretUtil.java#L91"
>utilising Android StrongBox</a> to protect user keys using the device's hardware
security module.<br>
<br>
Molly is available in
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/mollyim-android#free-and-open-source"
<a class="table-link" href="https://github.com/mollyim/
mollyim-android#free-and-open-source"
>2 flavours</a>:<br>
<ul>
<li>Molly, which includes the same proprietary
@ -312,14 +338,15 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="table-main">Messenger</td>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-conversations.png" width="100px" height="100px"><br>
<td class="table-main"><img src="img/logo-conversations.png"
width="100px" height="100px"><br>
<br>
Conversations</td>
<td><a class="table-link" href="https://conversations.im/"
>Conversations</a> is a well-designed Android
<a class="table-link" href="https://xmpp.org/"
>XMPP</a> client which serves as the de facto XMPP reference client and
has great usability.</td>
>XMPP</a> client which serves as the de facto XMPP reference client and has great
usability.</td>
<td class="table-main">Open source<br>
<br>
(GPLv3-only)</td>